تبیین مدل تاب‌آوری بر مبنای چشم‌انداز زمان آینده و ذهن‌آگاهی با تأکید بر نقش میانجی انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی در والدین کودکان کم‌توان ذهنی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی تربیتی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، موسسه آموزش عالی طلوع مهر قم، قم، ایران.
2 استادیار، دانشکده علوم انسانی، موسسه آموزش عالی طلوع مهر قم، قم، ایران.
چکیده
هدف این پژوهش، تدوین مدل ساختاری تاب‌ آوری بر اساس چشم‌انداز زمان آینده و ذهن‌آگاهی از طریق میانجی‌گری انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی در والدین کودکان کم‌توان ذهنی شهر قم بود. پژوهش حاضر توصیفی- همبستگی از نوع تحلیل مسیر بود. جامعه‌ی این پژوهش شامل تمامی والدین کودکان کم‌توان ذهنی شهر قم در سال تحصیلی 1402-1401 بود. حجم نمونه آماری برابر 220 نفر تعیین شد که به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انجام شد. ابزارهای مورداستفاده در این پژوهش پرسشنامۀ پنج‌وجهی ذهن‌آگاهی (FFMQ)، مقیاس انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی (CFI)، مقیاس چشم انداز زمان زیمباردو (ZTPI) و مقیاس تاب‌آوری کانر- دیویدسون (CD-RISC) بود. یافته­های پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که مدل پژوهش از برازش مطلوب برخوردار است. طبق یافته‌های مدل حال خوشگذران، آینده و انعطاف‌پذیری دارای اثر مثبت و معنی‌داری بر تاب‌آوری بودند؛ همچنین ذهن‌آگاهی و آینده دارای اثر مثبت و حال منفعل دارای اثر منفی بر انعطاف‌پذیری بودند؛ همچنین نقش میانجی انعطاف‌پذیری در رابطه بین ذهن‌آگاهی، آینده و حال منفعل با تاب‌آوری تأیید شد؛ براساس این یافته ها می توان نتیجه گرفت که از میان ابعاد چشم انداز زمان دو بعُد آینده و حال منفعل و سازه کلی ذهن­آگاهی از طریق اثرگذاری بر انعطاف پذیری شناختی به صورت غیر مستقیم منجر به افزایش تاب آوری والدین کودکان کم توان ذهنی می شوند.



کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Explaining the model of resilience based on future time perspective and mindfulness, emphasizing the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in parents of intellectual disability children

نویسندگان English

moahddeseh biyabani 1
zohre ‎ abasi 2
1 Tolo Mehr Qom Institute of Higher ‎Education
2 Tolo Mehr Qom Institute of Higher ‎Education
چکیده English

The aim of this research was to develop a structural model of resilience based on the perspective of future time and mindfulness through the mediation of cognitive flexibility in parents of mentally retarded children in Qom city. The present research was a descriptive-correlation type of Path Analysis. The population of this research included all parents of mentally retarded children in Qom city in the academic year of 2022-2023. The size of the statistical sample was determined to be 220 people, which was done by available sampling method. The tools used in this research were the five-faceted mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ), the cognitive flexibility scale (CFI), the Zimbardo time perspective scale (ZTPI) and the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). The findings of the present study showed that the research model has a good fit. According to the findings model of the happy present, the future and flexibility had a positive and significant effect on resilience; Also, mindfulness and the future had a positive effect and the passive present had a negative effect on flexibility; Also the mediating role of flexibility in the relationship between mindfulness, future and passive present with resilience was confirmed;

based on these findings, it can be concluded that among the dimensions of time perspective, the two dimensions of the future and the passive present and the general structure of mindfulness indirectly lead to an increase in resilience through influencing cognitive flexibility.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

future time perspective
Mindfulness
Cognitive Flexibility
Resilience
American Psychiatric Association, D., & American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic ‎and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (Vol. 5, No. 5). Washington, DC: ‎American psychiatric association.‎
Anagnostopoulos, F. & Griva, F. (2012). Exploring time perspective in Greek young adults: ‎Validation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and relationships with mental ‎health indicators. Social Indicators Research, 106(1), 41-59. ‎
Arici-Ozcan, N., Cekici, F., & Arslan, R. (2019). The relationship between resilience and distress ‎tolerance in college students: The mediator role of cognitive flexibility and difficulties in ‎emotion regulation. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 5(4), 525-533.‎
Arnold, K. M., Dermott, K. B., & Szpunar, K. K. (2011). Individual differences in time ‎perspective predict automatic experience. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(3), 712- 9.‎
Bach, P., Hayes, S.C. (2002). The use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to prevent the ‎rehospitalization of psychotic patients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting ‎and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 1129-1139.‎
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report ‎assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13 (1), 27-45.‎
Boyatzis, R., Boyatzis, R. E., & McKee, A. (2005). Resonant leadership: Renewing yourself and ‎connecting with others through mindfulness, hope, and compassion. Harvard Business ‎Press.‎
Burton, N. W., Pakenham, K. I., & Brown, W. J. (2010). Feasibility and effectiveness of ‎psychosocial resilience training: a pilot study of the READY program. Psychology, health ‎& medicine, 15(3), 266-277.‎
Carbonella, J. Y., & Timpano, K. R. (2016). Examining the link between hoarding symptoms and ‎cognitive flexibility deficits. Behavior therapy, 47(2), 262-273.‎
Cooper, C. E., McLanahan, S. S., Meadows, S. O., & Brooks‐Gunn, J. (2009). Family structure ‎transitions and maternal parenting stress. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(3), 558-574.‎
Daks, J. S., Peltz, J. S., & Rogge, R. D. (2020). Psychological flexibility and inflexibility as ‎sources of resiliency and risk during a pandemic: Modeling the cascade of COVID-19 ‎stress on family systems with a contextual behavioral science lens. Journal of Contextual ‎Behavioral Science, 18, 16-27.‎
Davis, W., & Hicks, J. A. (2013). Maintaining hope at the 11 th hour: Authenticity buffers the ‎effect of limited time perspective on hope. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, ‎‎39(12), 1634- 1646.‎
Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument ‎development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive therapy and research, ‎‎34(3), 241-253. ‎
Erdemir, N., Karanfil, F., & Şengül, R. (2024). Enhancing academic resilience through ‎mindfulness‐based practices in the schools: A study on vocational high school students. ‎Psychology in the Schools, 61(6), 2359-2375.‎
Frewen, P. A. Evans, E. M. Maraj, N. Dozois, D. J. & Partridge, K. (2008). Letting go: ‎Mindfulness and negative automatic thinking. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32 (6), ‎‎758-774.‎
Goodarzi, Z., Goodarzi, K., Momeni, L., & Kakavandi, M. (2018). Comparison of Cognitive ‎Flexibility, Resilience and Life Expectancy of Autistic Children’s parents with the Parents ‎of Healthy Children. Spec. j. psychol. Manage, 4(1), 23-32.‎
Gupta, A., & Singhal, N. (2004). Positive perceptions in parents of children with disabilities. Asia ‎pacific disability rehabilitation journal, 15(1), 22-35.‎
Hauser, T. U., Iannaccone, R., Walitza, S., Brandeis, D., & Brem, S. (2015). Cognitive flexibility ‎in adolescence: neural and behavioral mechanisms of reward prediction error processing in ‎adaptive decision making during development. Neuroimage, 104, 347-354.‎
Hayes SC, Luoma JB, Bond FW, Masuda A, Lillis J. (2006). Acceptance and Commitment ‎Therapy: Model, processes and outcome. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1-25.‎
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., ... & ‎McCurry, S. M. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working ‎model. The psychological record, 54, 553-578.‎
Heeren, A., Van Broeck, N., & Philippot, P. (2009). The effects of mindfulness on executive ‎processes and autobiographical memory specificity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, ‎‎47(5), 403-409.‎
Indirasari, D. T., Purba, D. E., & Anindita, R. (2019). Future time perspective and turnover ‎intention: The mediating role of resilience. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, ‎‎4(1), 1-12.‎
Jacob, J., Canchola, J. A., & Preston, P. (2019). Young adult children of parents with disabilities: ‎Self-esteem, stigma, and overall experience. Stigma and Health, 4(3), 310.‎
Jahng, K. E. (2020). South Korean mothers’ childhood abuse experience and their abuse of their ‎children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Moderating effect of parenting ‎self-efficacy. Child Abuse & Neglect, 101, 1-11.‎
Kashdan TB, Rottenberg E. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspec of health. ‎Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 467-480.‎
Kercood, S., Lineweaver, T. T., Frank, C. C., & Fromm, E. D. (2017). Cognitive Flexibility and ‎Its Relationship to Academic Achievement and Career Choice of College Students with ‎and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Postsecondary Education ‎and Disability, 30(4), 329-344.‎
Keye, M., Pidgeon, A. (2014). Relationship between resilience, mindfulness, and psychological ‎well-being in University students. International Journal of Liberal Arts&Social ‎Science, 2(5), 27-32.‎
Koca, A., Basgul, S. S., & Yay, M. (2019). Comparison of death anxiety and state-trait anxiety ‎levels in mothers of disabled children and non-disabled children. Dusunen Adam, 32(1), ‎‎58-64.‎
Küçük, E. E., & Küçük Alemdar, D. (2018). Life satisfaction and psychological status of ‎mothers with disabled children: a descriptive study. Community mental health journal, 54, ‎‎102-106.‎
Lasota, A., & Mróz, J. (2021). Positive psychology in times of pandemic—time perspective as a ‎moderator of the relationship between resilience and meaning in life. International journal ‎of environmental research and public health, 18(24), 1-13.‎
Lee, J. K. & Orsillo, S. M. (2014). Investigating cognitive flexibility as a potential mechanism of ‎mindfulness in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and ‎Experimental Psychiatry, 45(1), 208-216.‎
Légaré, C., Morin, D., Poirier, N., & Nader-Grosbois, N. (2019). Parental socialization of ‎emotion: differences in mothers of children with and without intellectual ‎disability. Psychology, 10(15), 2062.‎
Li, X., Lam, C. B., Chung, K. K. H., & Leung, C. (2019). Linking parents’ self-stigma to the ‎adjustment of children with disabilities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 89(2), 212.‎
Little,C.A.(2016). Mindfulness at Work. Doctoral Thesis. University of Queensland.1- 152.‎
Lunsky, Y., Robinson, S., Reid, M., & Palucka, A. (2015). Development of a mindfulness-based ‎coping with stress group for parents of adolescents and adults with developmental ‎disabilities. Mindfulness, 6, 1335-1344.‎
Marshall, E. J., & Brockman, R. N. (2016). The relationships between psychological flexibility, ‎self-compassion, and emotional well-being. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30(1), 60-‎‎72.‎
Mello, Z. R., Bhadare, D., Fearn, E. J. , Galaviz, M. M., Hartmann, E. S., & Worrell, F. C. ‎‎(2009). The window, the river, and the novel: examining adolescents’ conceptions of the ‎past, the present, and the future. Adolescence, 44, 539–556.‎
Nakhostin-Khayyat, M., Borjali, M., Zeinali, M., Fardi, D., & Montazeri, A. (2024). The ‎relationship between self-regulation, cognitive flexibility, and resilience among students: a ‎structural equation modeling. BMC psychology, 12(1), 1-10.‎
Phillips, E. L. (2011). Resilience, mental flexibility, and cortisol response to the Montreal imaging ‎stress task in unemployed men (Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan).‎
Potek, R. (2012). Mindfulness as a school-based prevention program and its effect on adolescent ‎stress, anxiety and emotion regulation. New York University.‎
Ramasubramanian, S. (2017). Mindfulness, stress coping and everyday resilience among ‎emerging youth in a university setting: a mixed methods approach. International Journal of ‎adolescence and youth, 22(3), 308-321.‎
Rayan E. (2010). Time perspective in students. Social and Behavioral Sciences. 23(1), 112-116.‎
Reina, C. S., & Kudesia, R. S. (2020). Wherever you go, there you become: How mindfulness ‎arises in everyday situations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, ‎‎159, 78-96.‎
Rinkoff, B. (2017). The Impact of Mindfulness Based Interventions on the Psychological Capital ‎of Leaders. A Research Project Presented to the Faculty of The George L. Graziadio ‎School of Business and Management Pepperdine University.‎
Shahabi, B., Shahabi, R., & Foroozandeh, E. (2020). Analysis of the self-compassion and ‎cognitive flexibility with marital compatibility in parents of children with autism spectrum ‎disorder. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 66(4), 282-288.‎
She, L., Ray, A., & Ma, L. (2023). Future time perspective and consumer well-being of ‎millennials: implications for consumer resilience. International Journal of Bank Marketing, ‎‎41(5), 1154-1176.‎
Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2018). Resilience: The science of mastering life's greatest ‎challenges. Cambridge University Press.‎
Sünbül, Z. A., & Güneri, O. Y. (2019). The relationship between mindfulness and resilience: The ‎mediating role of self compassion and emotion regulation in a sample of underprivileged ‎Turkish adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 337-342.‎
Takagishi, Y., Kuraoka, T., & Ide, T. (2017). Foresight is Partially Formed from Resilience: The ‎Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Future Time Perspective Among Japanese High ‎School Students. International Journal of Education, Culture and Society, 2(2), 76-82.‎
Takayama, N., Morikawa, T., & Bielinis, E. (2019). Relation between psychological ‎restorativeness and lifestyle, quality of life, resilience, and stress-coping in forest ‎settings. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(8), 1456.‎
Ueno, Y., & Amemiya, R. (2024). Mediating Effects of Resilience Between Mindfulness, Self-‎compassion, and Psychological Distress in a Longitudinal Study. Journal of Rational-‎Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 1-11.‎
Van Beek, W., & Kairys, A. (2015). Time Perspective and Transcendental Future Thinking. ‎In Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application (pp.73-86). Springer ‎International Publishing.‎
Vestberg, T., Lebedev, A. V., Jacobsen, H. B., Lekander, M., Sparding, T., Landén, M., ... & ‎Petrovic, P. (2024). Cognitive flexibility is associated with sickness resilience. Frontiers in ‎Psychology, 15, 1253152.‎
Wang, Y., Huang, Z., & Kong, F. (2020). Parenting stress and life satisfaction in mothers of ‎children with cerebral palsy: The mediating effect of social support. Journal of health ‎psychology, 25(3), 416-425.‎
Woodman, A. C., Mawdsley, H. P., & Hauser-Cram, P. (2015). Parenting stress and child ‎behavior problems within families of children with developmental disabilities: Transactional ‎relations across 15 years. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 36, 264–276.‎
You, S., Lee, Y., & Kwon, M. (2019). Effect of parenting stress in Korean mothers of children ‎with disabilities on life satisfaction: Moderating effect of intrinsic religious ‎orientation. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(3), 591-599.‎
Zarotti, N., Povah, C., & Simpson, J. (2020). Mindfulness mediates the relationship between ‎cognitive reappraisal and resilience in higher education students. Personality and Individual ‎Differences, 156, 109795.‎
Zhang, J., Zheng, S., Hu, Z., & Wang, J. (2024). Effects of mindfulness on depression in college ‎students: mediating role of psychological resilience and moderating role of gender. BMC ‎psychology, 12(1), 27.‎
Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual ‎differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 77(6), 1271-1288.‎